Economics

Q. 11. Explain two main reasons for the need of environment friendly economic growth and two suggestions to achieve them.

Ans .AREASONS FOR NEED OF ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY ECONOMIC GROWTH:

1. Present production technology has polluted atmosphere and water bodies with garbage, smoke and poisonous gases.
2. Rapid economic growth and industrialization have led to reckless exploitation of natural resources.

SUGGESTION TO ACHIEVE IT

1. Increased use of renewable and clean sources of energy, less use of fossil fuels, organic farming.
2. Measures to reduce global warming and global limits on carbon emission, etc.

Q.12.How does industrial pollution degrade the environment? Explain three measures to control environment degradation.

Ans.Industrial pollution degrades the environment in the following ways :

1. Air is polluted by the gases.
2. Dust, fume, mist, spray and smoke contain particles.
3. Industrial effluents pollute rivers.Paper pulp, textiles, chemicals, etc industries pollute land and soil due to toxic materials.

Steps to control

1. Careful planning and setting of industries.
2. Better equipment. Proper fuel selection and utilization. Use of oil instead of coal. Treatment of industrial liquids. .

Q.13. What are the efforts made by the government in the field of health?

Ans.

1. In the plan-period, the mortality rate declined to nearly 9 per thousand and infant mortality has come down to 70 per thousand live births. Similarly maternal mortality rate has also declined.
2. Efforts have been made to overcome the nutritional problems in the country and considerable progress has been achieved.
3. Smallpox has been completely eradicated and malaria, T.B., leprosy, filaria, etc has also been controlled to a large extent.
4. There has been a large increase in the number of hospitals, doctors, nurses, and compounders and the extension of health facilities in the country.
5. Special attention is being given to the extension of health facilities in the rural areas and small progress has also been made in this direction.

Q.14 What are the limitations of per capita income?

Ans.

1. A rise in per capital income is due to rise in prices and not due to increase in physical output, it is not a reliable index of economic development.
2. National income rises but its distribution makes the rich richer and the poor poorer.
3. In excludes all non-marketed goods and services, even though they may be important for human happiness and betterquality of life.
4. Rise in per capital income may be due to use of modern capital intensive technology in production which may be labour displacing in nature thus adversely affecting the poor masses.
5. If rate of population growth, is higher than the rate of growth of national income, this will lead to fall in per capital availability of goods and services and economic welfare.

Q.15What measures should be adopted by the underdeveloped countries to protect environmental degradation and promote sustainable development?

Ans.

1. Property rights must be assigned to individual or groups of people on natural resources.
2. Government should impose cost on the users in the form of fee or taxes.
3. Efforts should be made to replenish renewable resources such as forests and water resources.
4. Stricter regulations must be enforced to ensure pollution under control.