Q.5 What are Feminist movements? What were their major demands?
Ans. These are the movements which are organized by various women organizations to create equality for women in personal and family law.
1. These feminist movements demand equal rights for women in all spheres of life.
2. There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women.
3. The agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women.
4. The movements also demanded in improving the educational and career opportunities for the women.
Q. 6. How can religion influence politics? Explain.
Ans.
1. Gandhiji believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from all religions.
2. Ideas, ideals and values drawn from different religions can and perhaps should play a role in politics.
3. People should be able to express in politics, their needs, interests and demands as a member of a religious community.
4. Those who hold political power should sometimes be able to regulate the practice of religion so as to prevent discrimination and oppression.
5. These political acts are not wrong as long as they treat every religion equal.
Q. 7. When does the communalism problem become acute?
Or
What is communal politics? Explain.
Ans. Religion is used in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. This manner of using religion in politics is communal politics.
1. Religion is seen as the basis of the nation.
2. When one religion and its followers are discriminated against by another.
3. When people start believing that beliefs of one religion are superior to those of other.
4. When the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another.
5. When the state power is used to establish the domination of one religious group over the rest.
Q. 8. State any four provisions of the Indian constitution which makes it a secular state.
Ans.
1. No official religion:- There is not official religion of the Indian state. Out constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
2. Fundamental Rights:- Under the Right to Freedom of Religion, our Constitution provides to all citizens freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
3. Equality:- The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. To ensure equality, untouchability has been banned.
4. Intervention of the state within religious communities:- The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matter of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.
Q. 9 Explain the different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantages in India.
Ans.
1. Literacy rate:- The literacy rate among women is only 54 % as compared to 76% among men. A smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies because parents prefer to spend their resources for their boys education than spending equally on their daughter.
2. Unpaid work:- The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. Though on an average, the Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day, but most of them are not paid equally, and therefore, their work is often not valued.
3. Sex ratio:- In many parts of India, parents prefer to have sons, and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. This led to a decline in the child sex ratio.
4. Domestic violence:- There are reports of various kinds of harassment exploitations and violence against women. Both urban as well as rural areas have become unsafe for women. They are not safe even within their own home from beating and other forms of domestic violence.
