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Ans. Nation - State
1. When a large number of people of common descent, language, sharing common identity and history, inhabit a territory bounded by defined limits and form a society under one Government, they constitute a ‘Nation-State’.
2. The growth in nationalism in Europe in the 19th century, led to the emergence of nation states in place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe.
3. The commonness that the people shared in a Nation-State in Europe forged through struggles and the action of leaders and the common people.

Modern State
A Modern State is one in which a centralised power exercises sovereign control over a clearly defined territory.
The idea of a Modern State had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.

Or

Explain four features of the education being given in Tonkin Free Schools which was started to provide western style education in Vietnam. 4×1=4

Ans. The Tonkin Free Schools were started in 1907. Their major objective was to provide Western Style education. Features.
(i) This education included classes in Science, Hygiene and French. (These classes were held in the evening and had to be paid for separately).
(ii) It was not enough to acquire knowledge in Science and western ideas but was also important to learn to look ‘modern’.
(iii) The school encouraged the adoption of western style such as having a short haircut. This was a major break for the Vietnamese identity because they traditionally kept long hair.
(iv) The French tried to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through the control of education and tried to change the values, norms and perceptions of people to accept the superiorty of French culture and civilization. Vietnamese intellectuals, on the other hand, feared that Vietnam was losing not just control over its territory but its very identity, its own culture and customs and traditions.

Q. 20. Study the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
“We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them, the people have a further right to alter it or to abolish it. The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence.”
(20.1) Examine the inalienable rights of the Indian people. 2
(20.2) Analyse the impact of the British rule in India. 2

Ans. (20.1) The inalienable rights of the Indian people include: (any two)
(i) to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil.
(ii) to have all the basic necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth.
(iii) Also that the people of India should have the right to alter or abolish any rule of the British Government that oppresses them.
(20.2) Impact of British rule in India:
(i) The British Government deprived the Indian people of their freedom.
(ii) They not only exploited the masses but also ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually.

Q. 21. Write four characteristics of Rabi cropping season. 4×1=4

Ans. Four characteristics of Rabi Cropping season:
(i) Rabi crops are sown in winter season from October to December.
(ii) Harvesting period is from April to June in summer.
(iii) Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western temperate cyclones helps in the successful growth of these crops.
(iv) Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard which are mainly grown in the northern and northwestern States.

Social Science 2008 Question Papers Class X
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