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Q. 7. What are political reforms or democratic reforms? 1

Ans. All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called democratic reforms or political reforms.

Q. 8. Mention two developmental goals of landless rural labourers. ½+½=1

Ans. (i) To find full employment throughout the year,
(ii) To have decent wages and
(iii) To get minimum health and education facilities as promised by the Constitution of India.

*Q. 9. How does the Central Government supplement the efforts of the State Governments during disasters? (D.M.) 1

*Q. 10. Who is the nodal officer at the Block level for all disaster management activities? (D.M.) 1

Note. Below are given three groups—A, B and C for questions number 11 and 12. Select any one group for answering these two questions.

Group A

Q. 11. Why was there a need for clearing lands in Britain during the nineteenth century? Explain any three reasons. 3×1=3

Ans. Reasons: (any three)
(i) Population growth from the late 18th century had increased the demand for foodgrains. As urban centres grew and number of industries increased, the demand for agricultural products went up. Thus, there was a need for clearing lands in Britain for agriculture.
(ii) It was not enough merely to clear lands for agriculture alone. Railways were needed to link the agricultural regions to ports.
(iii) New harbours had to be built and old ones expanded to ship the new cargoes.
(iv) Land was needed to build homes and settlements for the expanding population during the nineteenth century.

Q. 12. Explain the process of rapid industrialisation in Britain during the nineteenth century. 3×1=3

Ans. The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. The number multiplied in the late eighteenth century.
A series of inventions in the 18th century increased the efficiency of each step of the production process (carding, twisting, spinning and rolling). They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more. In the early nineteenth century, factories increasingly became an important part of the English landscape. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. After that the iron and steel industry led the way with the increased demand for iron and steel. Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about £ 77 million, double the value of its cotton export. The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted a large number of migrants. Even London had attracted huge migrant population. Five major types of industries were: (i) clothing, (ii) footwear, (iii) wood and furniture, (iv) metals and engineering, (v) printing and stationery and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects made of precious metals. During the First World War, London began manufacturing cars and electrical goods. The number of industries thus rapidly increased.

Social Science 2008 Question Papers Class X
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