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Q. 19. Explain the beliefs of conservative regimes set up in 1815. 4
Ans. Following Napoleon’s defeat in 1815, European governments were driven by conservatism. Conservatives believed that traditional institutions like the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. But, after 1815, most conservatives did not propose to return to the pre-revolutionary days and felt that modernisation could strengthen institutions like the monarchy. A modern army, efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe. At the Congress of Vienna, representatives of European powers met with the intention to restore monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. In 1815, the conservative regimes in Europe were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism, dissent and tried to curb activities that questioned legitimacy of autocratic governments and imposed censorship laws to check newspapers, books, plays and songs that reflected ideas of liberty and freedom.
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Explain how Phan Chu Trinh’s ideas differed from Phan Boi Chau’s ideas. 4
Ans. Phan Chu Trinh was intensely hostile to the Monarchy. He wished to establish a democratic republic in Vietnam. In contrast, Phan Boi Chau was a revivalist who valued Vietnam’s sovereignty, mainly in terms of the country’s ancient cultural links with China. There were considerable differences in their visions for Vietnamese independence:
| Phan Boi Chau | Phan Chu Trinh |
| (i) He believed that the foreign enemy should be driven out first, and after achieving nation’s independence, other things could be discussed. | (i) He wished to overthrow the the monarchy, in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights. |
| (ii) He was of the opinion that monarchy should be used to achieve their objective. | (ii) He was staunchly against the monarchy and opposed the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court. He accepted the French revotionary ideal of liberty and wanted the French to set up legal and educational institutions and develop agriculture and industries. |
| (iii) Boi Chau considered modern Vietnam’s break of cultural link with China as a great loss. | (iii) He was greatly influenced by western ideas of democracy and did not want a wholesale rejection of western civilization. |
| (iv) He was completely opposed to the idea of raising people to abolish the monarchy. | (iv) His plan was to raise people to abolish the monarchy. |
Ans. See Q. 18, Additional Questions, Chapter 2. [Page H-17
Q. 20. Explain with examples, how mining and over irrigation are responsible for land degradation. 2+2=4
Ans. Human activities such as mining and over-irrigation are responsible for bringing down the quality of land and causing land degradation.
(i) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In States like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.
(ii) In the States of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, overirrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
Q. 21. Explain any four efforts made by the Government to improve and modernise Indian agriculture. 4×1=4
Ans. See Q. 35, Chapter 4. [Page G-23.
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