REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

 

MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY:

• Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion.
• MTP has significant role in decreasing population.
• It accounts for 1/5th of the total number of conceived pregnancies.
• Legal restriction only to reduce female foeticide.
• This method is safe within 1st trimester.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES:

• Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse.
• Also known as Venereal diseases (VD) or reproductive tract infections (RTIs)
• Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and HIV are some common STDs.
• Except hepatitis-B, genital herpes and HIV infections, others are curable.

Symptoms:

• Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swelling in the genital region.
• STDs remain asymptomatic in female and remain undetected for long.
• In the later stage it may leads to Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortion, still births, ectopic pregnancy, infertility or even cancer in RT.

Preventions:

• Avoid sex with unknown partners/ multiple partners.
• Always use condoms during coitus.
• In case of doubt, consult with a qualified doctor for early detection.
• Get complete treatment if diagnosed with disease.

INFERTILITY:

• The couple unable to produce children inspite of unprotected sex.
• The reason of infertility may be:-
  • physical,
  • congenital,
  • diseases,
  • drugs,
  • immunological or
  • Even psychological.
• Problems of infertility may be in male or female.
• Infertility clinic can diagnose and correct the cause of infertility.
• In case there no corrections are possible, some special technologies used to have children called assisted reproductive technologies. (ART)

Assisted reproductive technologies:

(a) In vitro fertilization:

• Fertilization outside the body in the laboratory.
• Condition created in laboratory similar to the body.

(b) Embryo transfer:

• Popularly known as test tube baby programme.
• Ova from the wife/donor and sperm from the husband/donor are collected and induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory.
• The zygote or early embryos (with upto 8 blastomeres) could be transferred into the fallopian tube.
• ZIFT- Zygote intra fallopian transfer.
• IUT- Intra Uterine transfer (embryo with more than 8 blastomeres).
• Further development taken place within the female body.
• Embryo formed by in-vivo fertilization can also be transfer to assist those female who cannot conceive.

(c) Gamete intra fallopian transfer- GIFT

• Transfer of ovum collected from the donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce it.
• Such female can provide suitable environment for fertilization and development.

(d) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI):

• The sperm is directly injected into the ovum.
• After in vitro fertilization either ZIFT or embryo transfer technique is followed.

(e) Artificial insemination (AI)

• Semen is collected either from the husband or donor is artificially introduced into vagina or into the uterus (IUI-intra uterine insemination) of the female.
• Such technology is useful in cases either the male partner unable to inseminate the female or very low sperm counts in the ejaculates.

Abbreviation:

IUCD:  Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device

RCH:  Reproductive and Child Health care

STD:  Sexually Transmitted Disease

HIV: human Immuno deficiency virus.

AIDS: Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome

CDRI:  Central Drug Research Institute

MMR:  Maternal Mortality Rate

IMR: Infant mortality rate.

MTP:  Medical Termination of Pregnancy

VD:  Venereal Disease

RTI:  Reproductive Tract Infection

PID:  Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

ART:  Assisted Reproductive Technologies

IVF:  In Vitro Fertilisation

ZIFT:  Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer

AI: Artificial insemination

IUI: Interna uterine insemination.

ET: Embryo transfer.

IUT: intra uterine transfer.

ICSI: Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.

 

CBSE Biology (Chapter Wise) Class XII ( By Mr. Hare Krushna Giri )
Email Id : [email protected]