AMOEBIASIS (Amoebic dysentery)
Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica a protozoan parasite.
Organs affected: large intestine of man
Method of transmission:
- House fly acts as mechanical carrier.
- Contamination water and food with faecal matter.
Symptoms:
- Constipation, abdominal pain and cramps.
- Stools with excess mucous and blood clots.
ASCARIASIS:
Pathogen: Ascaris lumbricoids (nematode)
Organs affected: intestine of man
Method of transmission: Contaminated water, vegetables, fruits.
Symptoms:
- Internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia.
- Blockage of the intestinal passage.
FILARIASIS OR ELEPHANTIASIS:
Pathogen: Wuchereria (W.bancrofti and W. Malayi) (nematode parasite)
Organs affected: lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs, genital organs.
Methods of transmission: biting of infected female culex mosquito.
Symptoms:
- Chronic inflammation of the organs where they live for many years.
- Abnormal swelling of lower limb, scrotum, penis.
- Hence the disease named as elephantiasis or Filariasis.
RING WORMS:
Pathogen: Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton (fungi)
Organs affected: Skin, nails, folds of skin, groin.
Method of transmission:
- Acquired from the soil.
- Using towel, clothes or even comb of infected individuals.
Symptoms:
- Appearance of dry, scaly lesions in skin nails and scalp.
- Lesion accompanied with intense itching.
- Heat and moisture help these fungi to grow.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES:
- Maintenance of personal and public hygiene is very important for prevention and control of many infectious diseases.
- Personal hygiene includes:
- Consumption of clean drinking water, food vegetable fruits.
- Keeping the body cleans.
- Public hygiene includes:
- Proper disposal of waste and excreta
- Periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, cesspools.
- Standard practices of hygiene in public catering.
- In case of air-borne diseases, close contact with the infected persons or their belongings should be avoided.
For vector borne diseases
- To control or eliminating the vectors and the breeding places.
- Avoiding stagnation of water in and around residential areas.
- Regular cleaning of household coolers.
- Use of mosquito nets.
- Introducing fishes like Gambusia in pond that feeds on mosquito larvae.
- Spraying of insecticides in ditches, drainage area and swamps.
- Window and doors must be fitted with wire mesh.
- All these precautions are use full for vector borne disease like dengue and Chickungunya, malaria and filarial etc.
Immunization:
- By massive immunization there is complete eradication of disease like smallpox.
- Diseases like polio, diphtheria, pneumonia, and tetanus have been controlled in large extent.
IMMUNITY:
- The overall ability of the host to fight the disease causing organism by immune system is called immunity.
- There are two types of immunity:
- Innate Immunity.
- Acquired Immunity.
CBSE Biology (Chapter Wise) Class XII ( By Mr. Hare Krushna Giri )
Email Id : [email protected]
