History

Q.12. What was spinning Jenny?

Ans. Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By turning on wheel, number of spindles could be set in motion and spin several threads.

Q.13.Why were handmade goods preferred by the British upper classes?

Ans.Handmade goods were better finished, carefully designed and symbolished refinement and class. There was no duplication of design.

Q.14.Why did the bourgeoisie (middle class) prefer handmade products in 19th century?

Ans.In Victorian Britain – the upper class – the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolize class. They were better finished, indirectly produced and carefully designed.

Q.15.Why were there clashes between the Indian weavers and company gomasthas?

Ans.The gomasthas were outsiders with no links with the villages. They were ruthless, arrogant and exploited the weavers.

Q.16. Who created the cotton mill? How did it helped in improving the production?

Ans.Richard Arkwight had created the cotton mill.

1. The costly machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill.
2. Within the mill, all the processes were brought together under one foot and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do when the production was in the countryside.

Q.17. What were the problems of Indian weavers at the early 19th century?

Ans.

1. Due to industrialization in Britain, their export market collapsed.
2. As British traders started exporting machine-made clothes to India so their local market shrank.
3. As raw cotton was being exported to England, there was a shortage of raw materials.
4. When the American Civil War broke out, and the cotton supplies from United States were cut off, Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the prices of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.

Q.18.How were the Indian merchant industrialists discriminated by the Britishers?

Or

Mention some of the problems of the Indian merchant industrialists.

Ans.

1. The market within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited.
2. Indian merchants and traders were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export mostly raw materials and food grains, raw cotton, opium and wheat indigo required by the British.
3. With the entry of modern ships Indian merchants were edged out of the shipping business.
4. The European merchant-industrialists had their exclusive chambers of commerce, and Indians were not allowed to become its member.

Q.19.Who was a jobber?

Ans.

1. Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied, and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into mills was also restricted.
2. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often, the jobber was an old and trusted worker.
3 .He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city, and provided them money in times of crisis.
4 .The jobber therefore, became of person with some authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for his favour, and began controlling the lives of the workers.