History

Q.24.Explain the impact of the First World War on the Indian industries.

Ans.

1. With British mills busy with was production to meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined.
2. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
3. As the war prolonged, India factories were called upon to supply was needs (jute bags, cloth for the army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items).
4. New factories were set up, and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed, and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the war years, industrial production boomed.

Q.25.Explain any three reasons for which the population of London City expanded over the 19th century.

Ans.

1. Between 1810 and 1880 London became a powerful magnet for migration of population even though it did not have large factories.
2. It became a city of clerks and shopkeepers of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi-skilled and sweated out workers, soldiers and servants, casual labourers, streets sellers and beggars.
3. There was a dockyard where many people earned livelihood. People came to the city looking for jobs.
4. Five major types of industries that employed large number of people were clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationary and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches, objects of precious metals.

Q.26.Define the term ‘trade surplus’. How was the income received from trade surplus with India used by Britain?

Ans.The value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. This difference was the trade surplus for Britain. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries, that is with those countries from which Britain was importing more than exporting. Britain’s trade surplus also helped it in paying the so-called home changes which included private remittances(sending of money) to home by British officials and traders, interest payments of India’s external debt and business of British officials in India.

Q.27.Explain the role of Guild in the production process of crafts.

Ans. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the trade guilds were powerful. Trade guilds were the association of producers that trained craftsmen, maintain control over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. They often had monopoly right to trade and produce a specific craft.

Q.28.How did factory production begin in England?

Ans.A series of innovations in 18th century resulted in the effectiveness of the production process. They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more and they now could make stronger threads and yarn. The spinning Jenny and other devices were invented to speed up textile production. Richard Arkwright laid the foundation of the factory system. In the mill all the process were brought together under one roof and managed by a supervisor. Workers could come to the mill to work. This allowed more supervision, over the production process, proper check over the quality and regulation of labour. Previously everything was done at different places.