History

Chapter - 7 Print culture and the modern world.

Calligraphy:- decorative writing; art of writing beautifully using fine pen, ink etc
Autography:- story of one’s own life written by the author himself or herself.
Anthology:- Collection of passages from literature, especially poetry and song.
Scribes:- Ancient and medieval copyist of manuscripts.
Manuscript:- Book or document written by hand; author’s original copy-handwritten or typed, not printed.v Ballad:- Sentimental song with repeated melody; poem or song in short stanzas narrating a popular story. It can be a historical account.
Chapbooks:- Cheap pocket size books available at roadside shops of books.
Lithography:- A process of printing from stone or metal surface so treated that the ink adheres only to the design required to be printed.
Vernacular language:- Language or dialect of the country, language spoken by a particular clan or group.
Protestant reformation:- A 16th century movement to reform the Catholic church dominated by Rome. Martin Luther was one of the main protestant reformers. Several traditions of anti-catholic Christianity developed out of the movement.

Q.1.Who wrote Istri Dharam Vichar?

Ans.Shri Ram Chaddha.

Q.2. Why did the woodblock method become popular in Europe?

Or

What were the drawbacks of the handwritten manuscripts?

Ans.

1. The production of handwritten manuscripts could not meet the ever increasing demand for books.
2. Copying was an expensive laborious and time consuming business.
3. The manuscripts were fragile awkward to handle and could not be carried around or read easily. By the early 15th century, woodblocks started being widely used in Europe to print textile, playing cards and religious pictures with simple, brief texts.

Q.3.Who was Marco Polo? What did the Italians learn from him regarding printing?

Ans.Marco Polo was a great Italian explorer who visited China in 13th century. When he returned to Italy, he brought back the knowledge of technology of woodblock printing which he learnt in China.

Q.4.What is referred to as woodblock printing?

Ans. Woodblock printing is a technique of printing which is done by rubbing paper against inked surface of woodblock carver pasted the design on a woodblock and carved a printing block to reproduce the design.

Q.5.What is meant by Print Revolution?

Ans.The shift form hand printing to mechanical printing led to the print revolution. It not only led to new ways of producing books but also transformed the lives of people, influenced popular perception and opened new ways of looking at things.

Q.6.Name first two mill workers who published books written by them in 20th century.

Ans.Kashibaba, a mill worker of Kanpur published ‘Chote Aur Bade Ka Sawal’. Sudarshan Chark another Kanpur mill workers wrote ‘Sacchi Kavitayen.

Q.7. Who was Martin Luther?

Ans.Martin Luther was a religious reformer of 16th century. He started the Protestant Reformation movement against the Roman Catholic Church.