Coal and Petroleum

The resources which are present in unlimited quantity in nature and are not likely to be exhausted by human activities are known as Inexhaustible Resources. For Example: Sunlight, air

All resources which are found in a limited quantity in nature are known as Exhaustible resources. They can be exhausted by human activities. Example of these resources is Forests, Minerals, Coal, Petroleum, Naturals Gas etc.

The resources which are present in unlimited quantity in nature and are not likely to be exhausted by human activities are known as Inexhaustible Resources. For Example: Sunlight, air
All resources which are found in a limited quantity in nature are known as Exhaustible resources. They can be exhausted by human activities. Example of these resources is Forests, Minerals, Coal, Petroleum, Naturals Gas etc.

About 300 years ago the earth had dense forests in low lying wetland areas. Due to natural processes, like flooding these forests got buried under the soil. They get sank deeper and deeper and temperature gets increasing day by day, under high pressure and high temperature dead plants slowly got converted to coal.

Coke is a tough, Porous and black substance. It is almost pure form of Carbon. Coke is used in the manufacture of steel and on the extraction of many metals.

It is a black thick liquid with unpleasant smell. It is a mixture of about 200 substances. Products obtained from Coal tar are used as starting materials for manufacturing various substances used in everyday life and in industry. It is used in manufacturing products like Synthetic dyes, drugs, explosives, perfumes, plastics, paints, photographic materials etc.

Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the sea. As these organisms died, their bodies settled at the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay. Over Millions of years in absence of air and under high temperature and high pressure the dead organisms get transformed into Petroleum and natural Gas.

Petroleum is a dark oily liquid. It has an unpleasant odour. It is a mixture of various constituents such as Petrol, Diesel, etc. and the process of separating these constituents from crude oil is called Refining.

Petroleum and natural gas provide many useful substances. These are termed as 'Petrochemicals'. These are used in manufacturing of detergents, fibres, polythene and other man made plastics

In our country Natural Gas has been found in Tripura, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra and in the Krishna Godavari Delta.

As we know Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels. The dead organisms takes millions of years to get converted into these fuels, On the other hand the known reserves of these will last almost a few hundred years. A part from this since these products are not environmental friendly as burning of these fuels is a major cause of air pollution and their use is also linked to global warming therefore we should use these resources only when it is actually required.

1. Drive at a constant and moderate speed as far as possible
2. Switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a place where you have to wait
3. Ensure correct type pressure
4. Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle.

CNG stands for Compressed Natural gas. In CNG compressed gas (which is mainly methane gas) is stored under high pressure as compressed natural Gas. Advantages of CNG:

• CNG is a very important fossil fuel because it is easy to transport through pipes.
• CNG is also used for power generation and now used as fuel for transport vehicles because it is less polluting.
• It is a cleaner fuel.
• Due to the absence of any lead or benzene content in CNG, the lead fouling of spark plugs is eliminated.
• CNG-powered vehicles have lower maintenance costs when compared with other fossil fuel-powered vehicles.
• CNG fuel systems are sealed, which prevents any spill or evaporation losses.
• CNG mixes easily and evenly in air being a gaseous fuel.
• CNG is less likely to auto-ignite on hot surfaces, since it has a high auto-ignition temperature (540 �C) and a narrow range (5%-15%) of flammability. That is it is less polluting and more efficient.

LPG stands for "Liquefied Petroleum Gas", it is used as fuel for home and industry as it is less polluting and easy to transport and to use.

Coal is called Fossil fuels because it is made up of remains of dead animals and dead plants which also formed fossils.

Petroleum: Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the sea. As these organisms died, their bodies settled at the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay. Over Millions of years in absence of air and under high temperature and high pressure the dead organisms get transformed into Petroleum and natural Gas.

coal: About 300 years ago the earth had dense forests in low lying wetland areas. Due to natural processes, like flooding these forests got buried under the soil. They get sank deeper and deeper and temperature gets increasing day by day, under high pressure and high temperature dead plants slowly got converted to coal.

The layer containing petroleum and Gas is above water because oil and Gas are lighter than water and can't get mix with it.

These natural resources can't be prepared in laboratory because their formation is a very slow process and it is not possible to create the conditions for their formation in the laboratory.

Coal's primary use is for the generation of electricity. It is also used in the industrial and retail sector as fuel for heating and powering foundries, cement plants and other industrial and manufacturing facilities.>

Coal is used to generate the electricity because it is reliable and low cost energy source.

Few advantage of using Petroleum as fuel and as raw materials are:

• Storage and transportation are simple
• Spills and leaks are controllable using existing technology
• As raw material in chemical synthesis it is extremely flexible

Disadvantages:

• Over use can create local and global problems
• It is limited resource which can be used up by wasteful procedures

Burning oil for energy can release large amounts of carbon dioxide, which can contribute to global warming. In addition the risk of dependence on oil as energy source is that supplies are eventually going to be depleted.

Petroleum and its products are very important for us, and because of its great commercial importance, it is named as "Black gold"

Petroleum

Coal gas is obtained during the processing of Coal to get coke. It is used as a fuel in many industries situated near the coal processing plants.

PCRA stands for Petroleum Conservation Research Association, it advices people how to save petrol and diesel while driving by giving following tips:

• Drive at a constant and moderate speed as far as possible
• Switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a place where you have to wait
• Ensure correct tyre pressure
• Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle

• Drive at a constant and moderate speed as far as possible
• Switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a place where you have to wait
• Ensure correct tyre pressure
• Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle

Pollutants that come from the combustion of fossil fuels include sulphur dioxide (SO2),nitrogen oxides (NOx), ground-level ozone, particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide(CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC) including benzene, some heavy metals and a number of other pollutants which contribute to smog, acid rain, climate change, and health, environmental and economic concerns.

Products obtained by refining of petroleum are petroleum gas, petrol, diesel, kerosene, paraffin wax and lubricating oil.