Euglenoids :
- Mostly fresh water form found in stagnant water.
- Instead of cell wall they have protein rich layer ‘pellicle’ which makes body flexible.
- They have two flagella one short and one long
- Photosynthetic in presence of sunlight but become heterotrophs if they do not get sunlight. e.g. Euglena
Slime Moulds :
- Saprophytic Protists
- Form aggregates to form plasmodium grow on decaying twigs and leaves.
- Plasmodium forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.
- Spores have true walls which are extremely resistant and survive for many years.
Protozoans :
- All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites.
- Believed to be primitive relatives of animals.
- These are divided into four major groups on the basis of locomotery organelle they have.
Amoeboid protozoans :
- Move and Catch prey using pseudopodia, e.g., Amoeba.
- Many forms have silica shells on their surface.
- Some of them are parasitic e.g. Entamoeba.
Flagellated protozoans :
- Either free living or parasitic.
- They have flagella.
- Cause disease like sleeping sickness e.g., Trypanosome.
Ciliated protozoans :
- These are aquatic, actively moving organisms due to presence of thousands of cilia. e.g., Paramecium.
- They have a cavity called gullet that opens to outside the cell.
Sporozoans :
- Lack any locomotery organelle.
- All members are parasitic.
- Have infective spore like stage in life cycle, e.g., Plasmodium which causes Malaria.
KINGDOM FUNGI :
- With the exception of yeasts which are unicellular all others are multicellular and filamentous.
- Consists of long slender thread like structure called hypha.
- Non chlorophyllous
- Network of hyphae called mycelium.
- Uninucleated or multinucleated (coenocytic)
- Cell wall made of complex polysaccharide called chitin.
- Grow in warm and humid places.
- Saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic (Lichen)
- Reproduce asexually by spores conidia sporangiospores or zoospores.
- Sexual reproduction is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.
- Sexual cycle involves the following thee steps:
- Plasmogamy: fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes.
- Karyogamy: fusion of two nuclei
- Meiosis: zygote undergoes meiosis resulting haploid spores.
e.g., Puccinia (rust causing), Penicillium.
