Chapter – 2 Principles Of Management (3+4 =7 marks)

Maximum not restricted output – 2 marks

• Continuous productivity is one of the principles of scientific management.
• According to this principle, production should not be curtailed and management and labour should both be interested in increasing productivity.
• Conflict between management and labour arises mainly on division of surplus. The best solution is to increase the size of the surplus so that both can have a larger share.

Cooperation not individualism: - 2 marks

• Scientific management works on cooperation between workers and management and among workers themselves.
• Management can earn higher profits if workers produce better quality, low cost goods.
• Workers can earn higher wages if management provides standard materials, standard tools, standard working conditions and training in standard methods.

Explain “method study” as a technique of Scientific Management? –2 marks (CBSE-2004)

• Method study is concerned with methods of performing a job.
• There are various methods to perform the same job with different costs requirements. Taylor suggested that management should find out one best way to perform the task.
• For example – The methods of manufacturing shoes may be manual or mechanical but the cost of labour and capital to manufacture shoes according to each method may vary. Management has to decide which method to use before it starts manufacturing.
• The objective of method study is to minimise production costs by a proper mixture of factors of production in order to achieve desired result.
• Method study should be done right at the planning stage of the job.

What role do” motion studies” play in setting the standard task? – 2 marks

• Motion study is the technique that closely observes the movement of the body/machines required to perform a job so that unnecessary movements can be eliminated and the best way of doing a job is determined.
• Upon a close examination of body’s wasteful motions it is possible to find
• which motions are productive
• which are unproductive
• which motions are incidental i.e. going to the store
• Through motion study Taylor was able to design suitable tools & equipment and educate workers on their use.

Define “fatigue study” on the basis of meaning and purpose? – 2 marks

• Fatigue study helps in setting the time interval and frequency of rest period in completing a task.
• A person will be tired and less productive if he works without rest interval for a long period of time. If he is allowed rest intervals he will regain stamina and work with increased efficiency.

What is the role of “time study” in setting the standard task or help to improve the efficiency of workers.? Give two points in support of your answer? – 2 marks

• Time study measures the standard time taken for a qualified worker to perform a well -defined job.
• Time study is done with the help of a time measuring device.
• Objective of time study is to:
• Determine number of workers to be employed
• Determine cost of labour
• Frame suitable incentive schemes
• Benefit of time study:
• It helps to determine the fair days work of an employee
• It creates time consciousness in a worker
• It eliminates idle time
• It helps in reducing costs

Distinguish between Time Study and Motion Study – 3 marks (Pre Semester 2003)

TIME STUDY	MOTION STUDY
It measures the standard time taken for a qualified worker to perform a well defined job.	It studies movements of body/machine to perform a job
The purpose is to decide how much time is normally required to perform a certain job	The purpose is to avoid wasteful motions and to determine the best way of doing a job
It measures the work provides a yardstick to decide between efficient and inefficient workers	It eliminates and reduces wasteful and useless motions.

What is “ Mental Revolution” – 2 marks.

• According to Taylor, mental revolution means that both workers and management should completely change their attitude regarding relation between themselves and their work.
• Management and workers usually suspect each other and try to trick each other.
• Workers all the time feel that management exploits them by extracting a lot of work from them and paying meagre wages. Management on the other hand feels that workers always grumble about the workload and deliberately slow down their work, damage equipments, tools and show indifference to quality of products.
• Mental revolution requires that such a feeling of suspicion or prejudice should be rooted out.
• Management should provide good working conditions and resolves all problems scientifically. Similarly workers on their part should work with discipline and loyalty.
• Instead of fighting for dividing the surplus profit, management and workers should cooperate to increase it.

Do you agree with the view that Taylor’s principles of scientific management and Faylor’s principles of management are mutually complementary. Give any 4 reasons. (3-4 marks)

Or

List 4 distinctions between Fayol’s contribution and Taylor’s theory (Important) 3-4 marks

Yes, they are mutually complementary since no organization can function effectively without mutual cooperation of managers and employees.

The comparative evaluation of their contributions is given below. (FEES)

Focus:

• Taylor tried to improve the productivity of workers and eliminate all kinds of wastes.
• Fayol tried to develop the principles to ensure better management.

Emphasis:

• Taylor’s principles were more applicable at shop level with emphasis on tasks of workers and supervisors.
• Fayol’s principles were more applicable at general management level with emphasis on efficiency of managers and administration

Expression:

• Taylor used the expression “scientific management”
• Fayol used the expression “general theory of administration”.

Starting point:

• Taylor wanted to improve the efficiency of lowest level and then move upwards while formulating the principles of scientific management.
• Fayol began from the top level and moved downwards with emphasis on “unity of direction, command and coordination.