Chapter – 2 Principles Of Management (3+4 =7 marks)

Fayol points out the danger and costs of unnecessary labour turnover in one of his principles. Name and explain the principle.(CBSE-2000) (2004)

Or

Illustrate the principle of “STABILITY OF TENURE” through a suitable example – 3 marks

Fayol emphasised in his principle “STABILITY OF TENURE” that employees should not be shifted from their position frequently. The period of service should be fixed. It takes time for an employee to get used to his work and he cannot render useful service if he is removed before he gets accustomed to the work assigned to him.

• Production requires team-work. If the members of the team go on changing the entire production process will be disturbed.
• An effective management will ensure that trusted, trained and experienced personnel do not leave the organisation, unless it is unavoidable such as illness, retirement or death of an employee.
• Stability of job creates a sense of belonging among the workers and so they are motivated to improve the quantity and quality of work.
  •Adverse Effect: If principle of stability of tenure is violated, it will lead to high labour turnover rate and will increase the cost of selection and training of the employees.

Define Scientific Management? – 2 marks

• According to F.W.Taylor who is regarded as the father of scientific management, “Scientific Management is the art of knowing exactly what you want your men to do and seeing that they do it in the cheapest way”.
• It means conducting business activities according to standardised tools, methods and trained personnel in order to increase the output, improve its quality and reduce cost and wastage.

Explain any two principles of Scientific Management.

Or

Describe in brief TAYLOR’S PRINCIPLES of (i) science not rule of the thumb and (ii) separation of planning and operational work - 4 marks. (any two out of 5 taylor’s principles will be asked- 4 marks) Important

Science not rule of thumb – 2 marks

• In traditional management “rule of thumb” was prevailing. This was also known as “Trial and errors method “ or “Hit or miss method”
• This principle meant that go on trying, failing and wasting the resources and finally perfecting the job.
• Workers were careless because no specific amount of work was expected from them. Even the employer did not know the real worth of his employee. Everything was left to ”Trial and Errors” method.
• Taylor introduced the scientific method in which he emphasized that “Rule of the thumb” does NOT involve thinking before doing and that each job in the organisation should NOT be performed based on intuition, experience and hit and miss methods.
• According to scientific method the causes, effects and exact measures of effort and output should be kept in view for any work to be performed. This forms the core of scientific management.

Separation of planning and operational work: - 2 marks

• According to Taylor, planning operations should be separated from operational operations.
• He stressed that managers should concentrate on planning the job of the workers while workers’ potential should be developed to the fullest extent for their own benefit as well as the prosperity of the company.
• For this purpose there has to be a scientific selection of workers and they should be trained to adopt new methods of work.

Harmony not discord -2 marks

• According to Taylor those who work together should work in harmony i.e. there should be mutual give and take and proper understanding among the managers and workers. This is because group efforts contribute more than an individual’s efforts.
• Managers should adopt an enlightened attitude and share the productive gains with the workers and workers on their part should work with discipline and loyalty.